![]() The declaration remained in effect until November 26, 1820, when General Pablo Morillo met with Bolívar at Santa Ana de Trujillo to declare the war of independence a conventional war. This so-called Guerra a Muerte was widely practised on both sides, resulting in some extreme brutalities on both sides, such as the execution of Spanish prisoners in Caracas and La Guaira in February 1814, on orders from Bolívar himself, just before the collapse of the Second Republic of Venezuela, and the killing of several renowned citizens in New Granada by the royalist army under Pablo Morillo in 1815, 18. The Decree was the first step in transforming the common and legal view of the Venezuelan war of liberation from a mere rebellion (or at best a civil war) taking place in one of Spain's colonies, to a full-fledged international war between two distinct countries, Venezuela and Spain. The document's ultimate goal was to assure the Venezuelan elites that they would not be unfavorably treated for having collaborated with Domingo de Monteverde and the royalist authorities. ![]() The decree states that it was created as a response to severe crimes and massacres by Spanish soldiers after the fall of the First Republic, in which Spanish leaders allegedly stole property and executed thousands of Republicans: "we could not indifferently watch the afflictions inflicted to you by the barbaric Spaniards, who have annihilated you with robbery and destroyed you with death, infringed the most solemn treaties and capitulations in one word, committed every crime, reducing the Republic of Venezuela to the most horrific desolation." It proclaimed that all Peninsular people in Spanish America who didn't actively participate in favor of its independence would be killed, and all South Americans would be spared, even if they had cooperated with the Spanish authorities. : 142–143īolívar promulgated the decree on June 15, 1813, in the Venezuelan city of Trujillo. The decree was an explicit " war of extermination" in Bolívar's attempt to maintain Venezuelan independence in the war with Spain, since he felt that the Spanish Army's use of atrocities against those who supported the First Republic of Venezuela had contributed decisively to its defeat. The phrase "war to the death" was used as a euphemism for these atrocities. ![]() The Decree of War to the Death, in Spanish Decreto de Guerra a Muerte, was a decree issued by the South American leader Simón Bolívar which permitted murder and any atrocities whatsoever to be committed against civilians born in Spain, other than those actively assisting South American independence, and furthermore exonerated people from the Americas who had already committed such murders and atrocities. “I’d like to thank the Academy for my lifetime achievement award that I will eventually get.” -An entertainer who died in 2003 and still hasn’t gotten that award.Simon Bolivar's declaration of no quarter Simón Bolívar signs the Decree of War to the Death in 1813, during his Admirable Campaign. “Damn it! Don’t you dare ask God to help me!” -Spoken by an aged Hollywood starlet whose housekeeper was trying to pray for her.Ī) Viven Leigh B) Joan Crawford C) Olivia de Havilland D) Bette Davis 12. “I’m losing it.” -Spoken by a crooner known as “Ol’ Blue Eyes.”Ī) Frank Sinatra B) Tom Jones C) Bobby Darin D) Bing Crosby 11. “I’m going away tonight.” -Spoken by an entertainer known as both “The Godfather of Soul” and “The Hardest Working Man in Entertainment.”Ī) Little Richard B) James Brown C) Ray Charles D) Chuck Berry 10. ![]() “I have offended God and mankind because my work did not reach the quality it should have.” -Spoken by a notable Renaissance man.Ī) Leonardo da Vinci B) Petrarch C) Michelangelo D) Galileo 9. You are no fun.” -Spoken by a 20th-century entertainer and activist.Ī) Josephine Baker B) Nina Simone C) Edith Piaf D) Judy Garland 8. “God bless Captain Vere!” -Spoken by an author referencing his unpublished novel ‘Billy Budd.’Ī) Charles Dickens B) Herman Melville C) Joseph Conrad D) F. ![]()
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